lurkers-guide/guide/bak/031

<h2><a name="OV">Overview</a></h2>

<blockquote><cite>
When the Centauri emperor visits the station, Sheridan tries to keep G'Kar
from going after him.  Londo and Refa plot to expand their power.
A mysterious man seeks out Garibaldi.
</cite>

<a href="http://us.imdb.com/M/person-exact?+Bey,+Turhan">Turhan Bey</a> as the Centauri Emperor.
<a href="http://us.imdb.com/M/person-exact?+Throne,+Malachi">Malachi Throne</a> as the Centauri Prime Minister.
<a href="http://us.imdb.com/M/person-exact?+Forward,+William">William Forward</a> as Refa.
</blockquote>

<pre><a href="/lurk/p5/intro.html">P5 Rating</a>: <a href="/lurk/p5/031">9.59</a>

Production number: 209
Original air date: February 1, 1995

Written by J. Michael Straczynski
Directed by Janet Greek

Nominated for a Hugo Award, 1996.</pre>

<strong>Note: this episode is more momentous than most.  Think twice before
proceeding to the spoilers; it's worth seeing unawares at least once.</strong>

<p>
<hr size=3>
<p>

<h2><a name="BP">Backplot</a></h2>

<ul>

   <li> Sheridan joined the Earth military a few years before the
	Earth-Minbari War.  A planetary draft was established during the war.

   <li> The Centauri have sent many ships into Vorlon space; none have
	returned, but strange stories about the Vorlons have found their
	way back to the Centauri homeworld.

   <li> Sinclair's duties on the Minbari homeworld extend far beyond normal
	ambassadorial functions.  He is taking part in the preparation for
	the fight against the great darkness that many of the Minbari
	believe is approaching.  To that end, he is in command of a small
	army of "rangers" -- individuals, Minbari and human, who roam the
	frontier, gathering information too sensitive to report back via
	normal channels.

   <li> The Centauri Emperor employs four telepaths, linked since birth; 
	when he leaves the royal court, two accompany him and two stay
	behind, so he and his representatives at the court are constantly
	aware of each other's circumstances.

</ul>

<h2><a name="UQ">Unanswered Questions</a></h2>

<ul>

   <li> What is the meaning of Londo's dream?  (see
	<a href="#AN:dream">Analysis</a>)

   <li> Why is Sinclair in charge of the rangers?  Is he the only one in
	control, or is he a piece of a much larger chain of command?

   <li> How did the rangers get started?  How are they expanding?  What
	or who is drawing them to Minbar, and how?

   <li> Why does Sinclair think Garibaldi should stay close to the Vorlon?
	How much does he know, and how long has he known it?  (Recall that in
	<a href="000.html">"The Gathering"</a>
	Delenn gave Sinclair information about the Vorlons, though it's not
	clear how complete or accurate it was.)

   <li> Will Londo become emperor some day?

   <li> What will the Narn's first move against the Centauri be?

   <li> What did the Emperor know about Vorlons that caused him to want to
	ask Kosh his question?  What does the question mean?  (see
	<a href="#AN:question">Analysis</a>)

</ul>

<h2><a name="AN">Analysis</a></h2>

<ul>

   <li> When the two telepaths on Centauri Prime entered the throne room,
	a human and two Minbari were talking to the prime minister.  Most
	likely they were there on unrelated business, but it's possible they
	were rangers, there to gather information.  (See
	<a href="#JS:throne">jms speaks</a>)

<p>
   <li> As soon as Londo lied about what the Emperor told him, the two
	veiled telepaths exchanged a look and left the room hastily.  It
	may be that they knew he was lying; whether they'll tell anyone,
	and if so what impact that will have, remains to be seen.

<p>
   <li> Kosh seems to have a perception that extends into the future; or
	perhaps he is simply basing his comment on the results of the last
	great war against the Shadows.

<p>
   <li> <a name="AN:dream">Londo's dream,</a> which has been foreshadowed from
	day one
	(<a href="001.html">"Midnight on the Firing Line"</a>)
	contains a lot of information, if it's to be taken literally.

	<ul>
	   <li> The hand seems a clear reference to the "great hand, reaching
		out across the stars" as seen by Elric in
		<a href="025.html">"The Geometry of Shadows."</a>
		If so, the hand is Londo's.  Presumably it is a metaphor
		for his expanding power and influence.

	   <li> Londo stands in the middle of fine sand, a desert (or
		perhaps decimated ruins; witness the dead vegitation and
		patterns in the sand) and watches several Shadow ships fly
		overhead.  This appears to be on Centauri Prime.  He is
		dressed in his ambassadorial uniform and appears to be
		roughly the same age as in the present.  One implication is
		that the Shadows will either attack Centauri Prime or (more
		likely) come to its defense.  It should also be noted that
		Londo has never seen a Shadow ship in the present.
		One reader suggests that Londo's expression can be interpreted
		as Londo looking on, helpless, as a great evil is done; for
		the first time realizing who's really the pawn in his
		relationship with the Shadows.

	   <li> When Londo receives the crown, he is again not much older
		than in the present, possibly slightly older than when he's
		observing the Shadow ships.  Perhaps he is crowned after
		calling in the Shadows to help defend Centauri Prime.  (Of
		course, the new Emperor would have to be dead first.)
		The person crowning him appears to be fairly old.
	
	   <li> Much later -- twenty years, give or take -- Londo, in white
		Imperial attire, sits in the throne and looks around,
		face filled with regret or resignation.  Nobody else is
		visible, and the throne room seems bare compared to the
		scene at the beginning of the episode.  It's as if everything
		has been lost; he is Emperor, but Emperor of nothing, perhaps
		of a dead world.
	
	   <li> Then he sees G'Kar, also aged 20 years, face half-covered
		by a strip of black cloth.  The two try to strangle each other.
		Londo appears to go limp as the dream ends; presumably he is
		dying.  The cloth across G'Kar's face appears to cover an
		injury; he may be missing his left eye.
	</ul>

	<p>
	Londo's old age in the last scene suggests that it takes place around
	the same time as the attempt to snatch Babylon 4 through time (cf.
	<a href="020.html">"Babylon Squared."</a>)
	Sinclair seemed to have aged about the same amount, though of course
	humans and Centauri may age at different rates, and something may have
	caused Sinclair to age prematurely.  But barring those two factors, it
	suggests that the war is still raging at the time of Londo's
	strangulation, and that it will last at least twenty years.

	<p>
	It's also worth noting that the dream contained only one spoken line,
	from
	<a href="022.html">"Chrysalis"</a>:
	"Keep this up, G'Kar, and soon you won't have a planet to protect."
	(It was spoken over a scene from
	<a href="001.html">"Midnight on the Firing Line."</a>)

<p>
   <li> Londo may well be serious when he tells Vir he has no wish to become
	emperor; his premonition may have convinced him that it'd be bad
	to seek the position.  But the vision remains; he may find himself
	taking the throne in spite of himself down the road.

<p>
   <li> "It's a small price to pay for immortality," says Refa.  A reference
	to everlasting fame?  The Centauri propensity for elevating emperors
	to godhood?  (cf.
	<a href="022.html">"Chrysalis"</a>)
	Or might it have something to do with the apparent escape of
	Deathwalker, (cf.
	<a href="009.html#AN:escape">"Deathwalker"</a>)
	who had a means to achieve literal immortality?

<p>
   <li> <a name="AN:question">The emperor's question</a> implies that he was
	in on something that isn't general knowledge, possibly something about
	the Vorlons.  One explanation may lie in dreams; perhaps the emperor's
	death dream (according to Londo in
	<a href="001.html">"Midnight on the Firing Line,"</a>
	such dreams are commonplace among the Centauri) told him that a war
	would begin after his death.  Why he thought Kosh would know how the
	war would end -- assuming the war is what the question referred to --
	is still an open question, though.  (See
	<a href="#JS:vision">jms speaks</a>)

<p>
   <li> Along similar lines, why did the emperor speak his dying words to
	Londo, rather than Refa?  Did he know what Londo was really up to,
	or was he simply guessing that Londo was likely the catalyst who
	would bring his empire into war, based on Londo's handling of Quadrant
	37 in
	<a href="022.html">"Chrysalis"</a>?

<p>
   <li> The Narn government apparently approved of G'Kar's would-be
	assassination attempt, even though he lied about it in his will;
	presumably he wanted to protect his people from revenge attacks
	by the Centauri.

</ul>

<h2><a name="NO">Notes</a></h2>

<h2><a name="JS">jms speaks</a></h2>

<ul>

	<p>
   <li> I love "The Coming of Shadows."  It's one of those episodes that just
	knocks the breath out of you.  You know those moments when you're in the
	passenger seat of a car, and the person driving is doing something
	crazy, and your foot automatically keeps searching for a brake pedal
	that isn't there because you know something awful's going to happen?
	That's the feeling you get all through that script.  This episode,
	like "Sky," "Signs," "Chrysalis" and "Revelations" again changes the
	direction and ratchets everything one notch tighter.  It's also a
	very visual script, and I like that, since I sometimes do rely too
	much on dialogue from time to time, and it's good to go in a different
	direction.

	<p>
   <li> Kosh's brevity is one of the things I like best about him; in the
	year two episode "The Coming of Shadows," he has just two words in the
	whole episode...but they're guaranteed to give just about anyone the
	willies.

	<p>
   <li> I generally don't let the actors know what's coming unless it's
	important to the current performance.  Otherwise you risk having the
	actor play the *result* instead of the *process*.  Had to make one
	divergence from this recently, so that Peter could understand better
	a sequence in "The Coming of Shadows," which you'll understand when
	you see it.

	<p>
   <li> We're also taking advantage of some of the recent Hubble photographs
	to scan them and use them as backgrounds in some far-space shots;
	there's one in "The Coming of Shadows," for instance.  Real space is
	*very* nice looking in places.

	<p>
   <li> I may not have been clear in my meaning when I said "accellerating
	the arc."  This doesn't mean doing anything ahead of schedule; it just
	means that now we begin cranking the story into a higher intensity
	level.  We've been kind of floating toward our destination...now we
	begin the process of accellerating.  If you recall Literary Structure
	from English Lit 101, there's the Introduction, the Rising Action, the
	Complication, the Climax, and the Denouement.  Year one up through
	about the first eight episodes of year two are Introduction; we are now
	in Rising Action stage.  Remember that this is structured like a novel,
	and you'll generally have some idea of where you stand in the
	progression.

	<p>
   <li> I ended up giving Peter info on "Signs" prior to shooting "Chrysalis"
	last season; that was the biggie there.  For "CoS" in order for the
	scene to match what's going to happen several years down the road in
	the series, I had to kinda give him the context of the dream, and what
	was really happening in that scene, and what caused it, and how he got
	to that place with G'Kar's hands around his throat.

	<p>
	He seemed quite...astonished.

	<p>
   <li> Yeah, on several levels, writing "The Coming of Shadows" was hard;
	there were times I felt as though I'd just jumped onto the back of a
	runaway dynamite truck.  Halfway through that story you can feel the arc
	kinda moving underneath you, like some huge, dark fish about to break
	surface.

	<p>
	The only way to make a viewer feel a character's pain is if you feel
	it in the writing, and a lot of that came through.  I live with these
	characters running around in my head 24 hours a day...and when I'd
	finally finished "Shadows," it was as if they all sorta stopped and
	looked at each other, and at me, and said, "Gee, thank you EVER so
	fucking much, jeezus, why don't you just go pluck somebody's eye out
	while you're at it?"

	<p>
	To which the only reply is, "Now that you mention it...."

	<p>
   <li> Not all Centauri dreams come true; however, the ones in which they
	see their deaths tend to be pretty accurate.

	<p>
   <li> Turhan originally came in to audition for Elric in "Geometry;" we
	wanted someone with more menace (Ansara), but we were all just blown
	away by how wonderful and sweet and nice a person he was, and as he
	left, I told John Copeland, "I'm gonna write a part just for him."

	<p>
	So I did, and we cast him, and everyone on the set loved him...to
	the point that, at the end of the shoot, they were saying, "You BASTARD,
	how could you bring this WONDERFUL man in here and then KILL HIM OFF SO
	WE CAN'T HAVE HIM BACK?!"

	<p>
   <li> For me, the concept of the Rangers isn't tied to Norris; that isn't
	the reference I was talking about.  Being on that show, I kinda had to
	look into the history of the Texas rangers in general, and being the
	curious kind of guy I am, I widened out into the Army Rangers, and other
	sorts.  I'd been looking for a kind of name to attach to this group, and
	the more I thought about it, the more it fit.
 
	<p>
	As far as the costume is concerned...it's not medeival based; if you
	look at the ranger's outfit, than go look at a Minbari warrior outfit,
	you will discover a LOT of points of comparison.  It was *designed* to
	echo Minbari warrior caste clothes, to reflect the fact that these two
	sides are working together.  Go fire up "Legacies" and look at his
	uniform, then look at the ranger.  You'll see the similarities in
	silhouette and line in various places.
 
	<p>
	Of course I've read and enjoyed Tolkein.  But as I've said, I have
	no interest in doing LoTR with the serial numbers filed off.  I've
	dropped references to it in dialogue, but the structure of the story has
	nothing whatsoever to do with LoTR.  Basically, a lot of people have
	come up and said, "Oh, this is the same as Foundation," or "This is
	the same as LoTR," or "This echoes a lot of Dune," or "This is
	obviously a Homeric tale," or "There's a lot of Star Wars here."  It
	uses the same tools as all mythic structure fiction uses.  Hence it
	resonates.  But I didn't sit there and think, "Hmm...Gandalf left, so
	I'll have Sinclair leave."  That's just plain silly.
 
	<p>
	It's really a matter of what you bring to the table, that affects
	what you see in the story.
 
	<p>
	The roots of the symbolism and structure of B5 go back a hell of a
	lot longer than this.  Here...I'll give you one free.
 
	<p>
	G'Kar is in many ways my Cassandra figure, who in the Greek tales
	was granted the gift of prophecy...all the disasterous things she
	predicted would come true...but she was cursed by the gods that NO ONE
	would ever believe her.  And later, when the war was at its height,
	she ended up in the service of.....

<p>
   <li> Londo, in his vision, sees the shadow vessels, but he does not know
	(in his present tense version) that that's what they are.  He's had this
	particular dream for years now, long before meeting Morden.

<p>
   <li> <a name="JS:vision">It didn't show up in the script,</a> and probably
	won't, but the Emperor probably did have a vision of his death, and the
	Vorlon.

<p>
   <li> Re: your question...at this juncture, I think I'd have to choose "The
	Coming of Shadows" as the one episode I'd use to represent the series.
	That one episode came out so close to perfect, so close to what I saw in
	my head when I wrote it, that the difference is no difference at all.
	It has all the elements I'd feature in a B5 discussion...the CGI, the
	characterization, the complexity, the politics, the language, the
	performances.
 
<p>
   <li> The handclasp used in "Coming of Shadows" was a traditional clasp
	used by Romans, usually in order to check if the other person was
	carrying a knife.

<p>
   <li> One could certainly argue the position that those who become Rangers
	are drawn to Minbar for that purpose, and speculate about what might be
	propelling that.

<p>
   <li> There's a difference between what I believe dreams mean, what the
	Centauri believe dreams mean, and what dreams mean to the Centauri,
	in that universe, and what they mean to me in our universe.

	<p>
	I suspect the truth lay somewhere between Shroedinger and Jung.

<p>
   <li> Thanks.  That scene [the attack on the Narn outpost] in "Coming of 
	Shadows" is one of my favorites; it does, as you say, convey that 
	sense of wonder which is one of my main goals with this show. 

<p>
   <li> Re: parallel visuals between MotFL and CoS...yes, precisely.  In some
	ways, they were set up as mirror-image parallels of one another, to 
	show how the wheel turns, to quote G'Kar.  The opening council 
	meeting, the attacks, the determination to kill the other, alternately
	Garibaldi or Sheridan having to stop them by calling on the question 
	of consequences if followed up on...it shows CoS as sort of the "dark
	mirror" of the first episode.  Everything we saw when we first thought
	we knew what the series was has now totally reversed and been turned 
	on its head.

	<p>
	They also focus on one of the main questions that B5 addreses itself
	to: what is important to you? what are you willing to sacrifice? how
	far are you willing to go to get what you want?  For me, a large 
	measure of defining WHO we are is by WHAT we are willing to do, and 
	what we want, and the means by which we pursue those goals.  The other
	theme of course is sacrifice, which recurs throughout the show in one 
	form or another.

	<p>
	Sometimes, I think, people get so caught up in what's happening and
	why that they miss what it's *about* on a more cellular level.  And 
	that's the question of who we are.  Identity.  The importance of *one
	single person* and the ability of that person to act as a fulcrum, 
	intentionally or otherwise, upon which vast events can turn.  Choices.
	What you value most.  Those, to me, are the issues most worth 
	exploring.  We're told every day, beaten down with the notion that 
	we're powerless, that we can't change things, you can't fight city 
	hall...and of course it's not true.  You can fight.  And sometimes, 
	you can even win.

<p>
   <li> Sinclair didn't send the same letter.  Same greeting, to keep the
	recipient secret.

	<p>
	Only the Ranger knew who got what.

<p>
   <li> The emperor falling scene, as with those around it, were shot as
	written, down to the slow-motion notation, the close on his head 
	hitting the floor, the women clutching one another...all in the 
	script.  But it takes someone as skilled as Janet to take what 
	somebody else might screw up and elevate it into something truly 
	nifty.

<p>
   <li> Slow-motion (or camera overcranked) is almost always indicated in
	scripts.  I like slow-mo.  It can add a dreamlike quality to a shot, and
	prolong a sense of imminent trouble.

<p>
   <li> You left out my favorite quote from the show, from the Emperor:  "The
	past tempts us, the present confuses us, and the future frightens us
	...and our lives slip away, moment by moment, lost in that vast, 
	terrible in-between."

<p>
   <li> The centauri veiled telepaths are mainly wired into one another.

<p>
   <li> The emperor said exactly what, in the hallway, Londo said he said.

<p>
   <li> The emperor was referring to Londo and Refa.  And if the Centauri 
	telepaths suspected or picked up anything, to tell anyone would almost 
	certainly lead to a quick demise.  When you're that high up in the royal
	court, you learn to keep your mouth shut.

<p>
   <li> [Emperor] Turhan's death was exactly as stated, natural causes.  If
	it were anything else, we'd have at least nodded in that direction at
	some point.  It's not fair to do so otherwise.

<p>
   <li> <em>Didn't the Narn behind Londo and Refa hear them?</em><br>
	The Narn was just passing quickly through scene, in a hurry, and
	couldn't have heard what Londo and Refa were quietly discussing.

<p>
   <li> Because to some extent the roman civilization is one of the sources
	for constructing the Centauri, I adapted their handshake (checking 
	for knives) as their greeting; "I offer the hands of friendship."

<p>
   <li> Your feelings about the war starting are exactly what they should be,
	and what I wanted to achieve with "Shadows."  In SF TV, very often, as
	you state, it's "Yeah, let's get a war on!  Blow stuff up!"  But to 
	hear of a *real* war...it's very, very sobering.  When we hear that 
	Gulf troops were being sent into the Mideast, when we heard of soviet
	troops sent into Prague...your heart stops for a moment.  When Kennedy
	put American ships in a Cuban blockade and the world held its breath
	...THAT is what it feels like to step into possible or real war.  All
	you can think of is, "How the HELL did we get into this, and how the
	hell do we get OUT of it?"  And that was at the emotional core of
	"Shadows."

<p>
   <li> The broach worn by the Rangers was designed by me and Ann Bruice,
	our costumer.  I sketched (dopily and badly) what I had in mind, which
	was a stylized human and minbari on either side of a gemstone, both 
	wokred (worked) into the same metal, and holding the gemstone.

	<p>
	She then took this drawing that looked like it had been drawn by a
	drunk five year old and translated it into a striking piece.

<p>
   <li> <em>Why not use the healing device from "Quality of Mercy?"</em><br>
	The alien healing device was specifically used in treatment of
	illness; the Emperor suffered massive damage to his heart and othe
	internal organs, which simply restoring some life energy wouldn't help.

<p>
   <li> Not a contradiction.  I don't believe in omniscient or all powerful
	devices that function like literal deus ex machinas and heal everybody
	all the time.  It was stated *plainly and clearly* that the device was
	used in healing terminally ill patients.  They cannot undo physical 
	damage from gunshots (the regen packs and other devices were used to 
	heal Garibaldi's wound, and the alien device was used to raise his life
	energy level enough to bring him out of the coma).  The emperor 
	suffered a massive attack that destroyed parts of his heart.  Can't be
	fixed by this device.

<p>
   <li> You may tell your friend that the city hit in "CoS" was CGI, not
	a model.

<p>
   <li> The Sanctuary is where Sheridan and the Emperor had their lengthy
	conversation; it's *all* a virtual set except the floor.

<p>
   <li> The Sanctuary is entirely a virtual set.  It's all blue-screen, no 
	walls, no windows, no stars, no nothing.  I made sure to ask 
	Foundation and Mitch to blur the walls a bit in close up to give it 
	the correct depth of field.  (Much of the CGI/background work is done
	by Mitch, our effects guy, who works independent of Foundation, who
	was also the main EFX guy on Predator, ET and others.)  Because that
	was a LONG scene, the rendering time was just hideous.

<p>
   <li> The Sanctuary set has ALWAYS been entirely virtual, except for a small
	grating on the floor as a marker.  The walls, the windows, all of it.
	Virtual.  We've actually done this a number of times.  I haven't said 
	anything before because whenever I mention there's a virtual set, and
	where it is, people look at it and say, "Oh, yeah, I could tell it was
	virtual."  Because they knew ahead of time.  So I stopped mentioning it.

	<p>
	We're sneaky that way.  You've seen, and will continue to see, sets 
	that don't exist ANYwhere.  Hell, you know that bazaar shot in the
	main title sequence?  The second floor?  Doesn't exist.  Digital 
	compositing and virtual set melding.

<p>
   <li> The area where the reception was being held is the Rotunda.

<p>
   <li> On the chance that the datacrystal might fall into the wrong hands, I
	had Sinclair deliberately avoid using Garibaldi's last name, and 
	avoid Delenn's altogether (since she has only the one).  The Ranger 
	was told to deliver the crystals at the cost of his own life if 
	necessary...but sometimes such orders don't end well for the messenger.
	So both messages began the same way.

<p>
   <li> The Rangers actually owe more to the Lone Ranger and the Texas Rangers
	in general.

	<p>
	FYI, Sinclair called Delenn "old friend" as far back as the 2-hour 
	pilot.

<p>
   <li> I'm very happy at the reaction.  I was telling John Copeland a bit 
	ago, when we finished the episode, "Maybe we ought to superimpose a 
	crawl before the first frame of the teaser saying, "JUST IN CASE YOU 
	THOUGHT WE WERE KIDDING.""

	<p>
	An aside on the jms/kosh discussion, for whatever interest it may
	have....when Ardwight comes in to do Kosh, they call me in to direct 
	his performance so that it matches what the intent is now, and how it
	will be interpreted later.  From where I sit in the control room, I 
	can't see him, I can only hear his voice.  So it's kinda like talking
	with Kosh there, and me saying, "Okay, can you try 'In Fire' hitting 
	the second word harder, and with a sense of some anger behind it?"   
	And between takes, he's still in Kosh-speak mode, muttering, "How will
	this end, how do I know talk to my agent...go on, get out, buzz off
	...."

<p>
   <li> There are some episodes coming that are about as intense as this, 
	though not as much *happens*, in the sense of a bunch of events 
	affecting lots of people in different places.

	<p>
	Yes, intentional parallel structure to "Midnight," which is why I
	included the shot from that episode in Londo's dream.  I like irony.

<p>
   <li> Yes, "CoS" is a deliberate mirror-image of "Midnight," partly to
	illustrate the notion that "the wheel turns," as G'Kar says...yes, it
	does, and if you forget that it eventually turns on *you*, you'll be
	ground beneath it.

<p>
   <li> I will tell you a true and secret thing, re: Londo's dream, and looking
	up into a blue sky to see the ships passing overhead.

	<p>
	Ever since I was a kid, I've had that image in my dreams, of standing
	out in the open and looking up as strange dark ships pass overhead. 
	It's always been an unnerving image, and I really wanted to use it 
	here to see if it would have the same effect on others.

	<p>
	The other single most recurring image is to be standing at the bottom
	of a long set of stairs, in a basement, and the door at the top of the
	stairs is thrown open, and there's gunfire, and guards, and flares in 
	the night beyond, and more ships firing down.

	<p>
	Don't be surprised if this shows up as well, someday....

<p>
   <li> We nailed a piece with Michael before he left for New York; when we
	shot "Points," he had long since returned to NY and was in the 
	process of pursuing other things.

<p>
   <li> <a name="JS:throne"><em>What was with the human and Minbari in the
	throne room?</em></a><br>
	They were discussing possible use of a world on the fringe of 
	Centauri space for something of, they hoped, benign use.

</ul>